Nicotine pouches are one of the latest products the tobacco industry is using to attract new users and keep people, especially young people, addicted to tobacco products. Sale of nicotine pouches have demonstrated exponential growth in recent years and are sold in over 25 markets globally.1 Available in dozens of flavors including candy-like “Mango Tango” and “Berry Frost,” nicotine pouches are the latest addition to Big Tobacco’s portfolio of products marketed to young people.
Nicotine pouches are part of a broader range of oral nicotine products, including nicotine gums, lozenges and snus. These products are marketed as more discrete alternatives to smoke- and aerosol-producing products like e-cigarettes. Many users consume nicotine pouches concurrently with smoked tobacco products, using them as substitutes for tobacco products in situations where they cannot smoke. Nicotine pouches are among the latest products used by the tobacco industry to continue their sale of addictive and life-threatening tobacco products, and the manufacturing, marketing and sale of these products must be closely monitored and regulated.
What Are Nicotine Pouches?
Nicotine pouches contain nicotine, cellulose, water, flavoring and sodium carbonate. They are consumed by placing a pouch inside the mouth between the lip and gum. Nicotine absorption occurs through the lining of the mouth and pouches typically contain between 1.5 and 8 mg of nicotine per pouch,2 with some products containing nicotine doses of up to nearly 50 mg per pouch. The WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation finds that nicotine pouches "contain sufficient nicotine to sustain addiction."3 Nicotine pouches are distinguished from the smokeless tobacco product snus (a spitless, moist tobacco pouch)4 because they do not contain tobacco leaf. However, nicotine pouches contain either nicotine derived from tobacco or synthetic nicotine.
Nicotine pouch brands including Zyn, Velo (formerly Lyft) and On! are produced by multi-national tobacco companies and come in a variety of flavors that have been used by tobacco companies to attract youth and young adults to e-cigarettes.5 Nicotine pouch use has significantly increased since 2016, and its use is most common among young people aged 18-24.6
Nicotine from any product is a highly addictive substance that is particularly harmful to pregnant women and adolescents. Nicotine exposure in children and adolescents7 can affect brain development, negatively impact learning and attention spans and potentially lead to anxiety disorders.8,9,10 The U.S. Surgeon General concluded that “[t]he use of products containing nicotine in any form among youth, including in e-cigarettes, is unsafe.”11 In general, nicotine has also been found to impact the cardiovascular system.12 Aside from inhalation or absorption of nicotine, accidental or purposely ingestion of nicotine-containing products like e-liquids is toxic and can result in serious cardiovascular and respiratory complications.13, 14
Nicotine Pouch Global Market
Nicotine pouches are available in at least 25 markets globally.15 The global value of the nicotine pouch market was over USD $7.4 billion in 2023 (up from $4.7 billion in 2022), with 15.5 billion units sold (up from 10.8 billion units sold in 2022).16 In 2023, the United States was the largest nicotine pouch market, worth approximately $6.0 billion. Between 2022 and 2023, the nicotine pouch market in the U.S. grew significantly, from 6.3 billion units to 9.5 billion units sold, accounting for approximately 62% of the total number of units sold globally.17 Other markets in which retail volume substantially increased from 2022 to 2023 include Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, the United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan. Sweden was the second-largest market for nicotine pouches in 2023, selling approximately 2.2 billion units of nicotine pouches (1.8 billion units sold in 2022), worth USD $434 million (up from $347 million 2022).18 Nicotine pouches continue to be launched in key “test” markets in low- and middle-income countries like Mexico, Pakistan, and South Africa.19, 20 Analysts covering the tobacco industry “believe oral nicotine is taking most of its share from traditional smokeless tobacco, but is also benefiting from increased poly-usage across nicotine categories.”21
The most popular brands include Zyn, manufactured by Swedish Match (in 2022, Philip Morris International [PMI] acquired more than 93% of shares in Swedish Match22) British American Tobacco's (BAT) Velo, Altria Group's On! and Japan Tobacco International's (JTI) Nordic Spirit. In 2023, Swedish Match, or PMI's Zyn, held approximately 38.6% of the global retail volume for nicotine pouches with BAT's Zelo (23.4%), Altria Group's On! (13.5%), Swisher International Group’s Rogue (9.5%), and JTI's Nordic Spirit (1.3%) following.23 Other tobacco companies with nicotine pouches that have more limited availability include Imperial Brands, manufacturer of ZoneX and Skruf, GN Tobacco Sweden AB with White Fox, PMI with Shiro and Swisher International Group with Rogue.
Nicotine Pouch Marketing
Tobacco companies have mounted aggressive marketing campaigns to introduce consumers to nicotine pouches. Many companies have advertised the products as nicotine products that can be used by smokers in places where smoking is not allowed, for example, on an airplane. This type of marketing implies that the products are meant to be used as dual (or poly)-use products that encourage smokers to continue smoking rather than switching completely to pouches. Lifestyle promotion of nicotine pouches through social media has been a critical element of industry marketing. Tobacco companies like BAT use Facebook and Instagram to heavily promote nicotine pouches. According to reports by The Guardian, BAT has invested £1bn on marketing campaigns that harness the appeal of influencers, music stars and sporting events to market Velo, the company’s nicotine pouch product.
A report published by the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids in December 2023 found that content promoting Velo nicotine pouches on social media has been viewed more than two million times and that 39 percent of the audience viewing Velo content on social media is under the age of 25.
Industry Business Strategy and Claims
Each of the major multinational tobacco companies has revamped its strategic business platform to investors, the public, and regulators by offering a range of products based on their alleged reduced risk to users.
PMI has embraced this concept most vigorously by claiming it seeks a "Smoke-Free Future" while BAT asserts its “purpose is to build ‘A Better Tomorrow’ by reducing the health impact of our business by offering a greater choice of enjoyable and less risky products for our consumers.” JTI classifies its reduced-risk product line as one of its key "Sustainability Priorities." Imperial Brands claims it wants smokers to switch to products with lower health risks with the tagline "Something Better."
However, despite tobacco industry claims about shifting how they do business, tobacco companies continue to derive the vast majority of their profits from the sales of conventional cigarettes while also vigorously opposing policy changes (e.g., taxes, marketing restrictions) that reduce cigarette smoking. Further, the pattern of progression and transition from nicotine pouch use to products with known serious health harms like conventional cigarettes is unclear. For instance, evidence does indicate that young non-smokers who use nicotine-containing e-cigarettes are 3x more likely to progress to conventional cigarette use compared to non-smokers who do not use e-cigarettes.24
Health Risks Associated With Nicotine Pouches
Although the tobacco industry markets emerging nicotine products as “clean” and “reduced-harm” products, the long-term health effects of nicotine pouch use are unknown. Reported side effects include gum and mouth irritation, nausea, hiccups and nicotine addiction.25
While levels of some toxicants in nicotine pouches may be lower than in cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, some studies have found levels of formaldehyde in nicotine pouches that are comparable to cigarettes and smokeless tobacco.26 Patterns of use may also impact health risks. For instance, media has reported that some people, including young people, use multiple pouches simultaneously,27 which means that research on pouch contents or single pouches may not provide a true representation of exposure to nicotine and toxicants.28
In addition, “nicotine use during adolescence has been shown to impact learning, attention span, and proneness to addiction,”29 and is harmful to adolescent brain development.39 Further, nicotine addiction increases the risk of relapse with other tobacco products.31
Additional research on the long- and short-term effects of nicotine pouch use and the effects on cessation and initiation of tobacco products is required to better understand their effects at an individual and population public health level.
Nicotine Pouch Regulation
Regulatory Options for Nicotine Pouches
While there are currently several brands of nicotine pouches on the market globally, these products are still a relatively new category of emerging products and therefore, are largely unregulated or subject only to general consumer product laws. In many countries and regions, nicotine pouches fall outside of existing tobacco control laws because they do not contain tobacco. Further, synthetic nicotine may pose challenges in countries that regulate products with tobacco-derived nicotine. In the absence of effective government regulation, nicotine pouches have the potential to create a new generation of nicotine and/or tobacco users and undermine the progress made in combating the tobacco epidemic.
Regulating nicotine pouches is consistent with the general obligations of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), which requires Parties to the Convention to implement measures for preventing and reducing nicotine addiction.32 Recommended regulatory options include regulating the products strictly using WHO FCTC measures or restricting or prohibiting their manufacture, import, export and sale.
Global Regulatory Trends*
There are no clear global trends on how countries are approaching the regulation of nicotine pouches. Few countries have adopted laws or regulations to specifically address nicotine pouches. However, the regulatory landscape is quickly evolving, and more countries are beginning to take measures to regulate or amend their existing tobacco regulations to cover these products.33
At least seven countries have banned the sale (some also prohibiting the production and/or import) of nicotine pouches: Belgium,34 Kazakhstan,35 Kyrgyzstan,36 Mauritius,37 Russia,38 Tajikistan39 and Uzbekistan.40 However, these measures have not gone uncontested. In Belgium, for example, BAT is challenging the decree banning nicotine pouches in the Council of State41 (Belgium's highest administrative court).
At least two countries (Germany42 and the Netherlands43,44,45) have banned or regulated nicotine pouches as harmful food products. In the Netherlands, an amendment46 to the Tobacco Act has been proposed to ban all nicotine pouches (currently, pouches with over 0.035 mg of nicotine are banned).
In other countries, nicotine pouches may be partially regulated as medicinal or pharmaceutical products. The brand Zonnic is approved for sale by the appropriate medical agencies in Canada,47 Norway,48 and Sweden.49 However, the Canadian Health Minister announced in August 2024 that nicotine pouches will be further regulated through a ministerial order that will, in part, ban flavors other than mint and menthol, require health warnings, prohibit certain forms of advertising, and require sales from behind the pharmacy counter.50 In New Zealand, the Minister of Health must provide consent or provisional consent to sellers to legally sell nicotine pouches.51 To our knowledge, no nicotine pouches have been authorized for sale in New Zealand.
A growing list of countries have taken action to regulate nicotine pouches under their existing tobacco control and/or e-cigarette laws (either through the enactment of an amendment or another measure, such as a decree). At least 13 countries regulate pouches in this manner: Colombia,52,53 Czech Republic, 54 Denmark,55 Hungary,56 Iceland,57 Latvia,58 Moldova,59 Romania,60 Serbia,61 Slovakia,62 Slovenial63 and Sweden64 (which also authorized medicinal approval for the sale of Zonnic). Provisions include establishing maximum nicotine limits and other content restrictions, requiring health warnings and other packaging and labeling measures, restricting advertising, promotion and sponsorship, prohibiting sales to minors, and, in some cases, banning use in schools.
Other countries are considering legislative proposals to regulate nicotine pouches under their tobacco control laws. For instance, in Estonia, a draft amendment to the Tobacco Act introduces comprehensive regulation of nicotine pouches.65 Lithuania established a working group to consider the regulation of nicotine pouches66 and now has drafted an amendment to the Tobacco Law, which is under negotiation.67 In Kenya, nicotine pouches are not legally on the market and amendments to the tobacco control law to regulate the products are being proposed and considered.
In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) regulates nicotine pouches, regardless of their nicotine source.68,69 Manufacturers must obtain a marketing authorization from the US FDA to sell nicotine pouches. As of May 2024, all the major companies had submitted applications for review, but the US FDA has yet to issue marketing authorizations on any nicotine pouch product.
*The country examples on this page are current as of July 31, 2024. While every attempt has been made to review applicable measures globally, this should not be considered an exhaustive review of every country’s laws on nicotine pouches.
Last updated 10/1/2024
1 Euromonitor International, 2024 Ed. Accessed 8/12/24.
2 Mallock N, Schulz T, Malke S, Dreiack N, Laux P, Luch A. Levels of nicotine and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in oral nicotine pouches. Tobacco Control. 2024;33(2):193-199. doi:10.1136/tc-2022-057280
3 WHO study group on tobacco product regulation. Report on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: ninth report of a WHO study group, page 70. (WHO Technical Report Series, No. 1047). Accessed September 23, 2024. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240079410
4 Smokeless Tobacco Products, Including Dip, Snuff, Snus, and Chewing Tobacco. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. April 4, 2024. Accessed September 25, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/smokeless-tobacco-products-including-dip-snuff-snus-and-chewing-tobacco
5 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021: Addressing new and emerging products. Accessed September 23, 2024. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1359088/retriev
6 Felicione NJ, Schneller LM, Goniewicz ML. Oral nicotine product awareness and use among people who smoke and vape in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2022; 63, 611-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.04.019
7 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021: Addressing new and emerging products. Accessed September 23, 2024. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1359088/retrieve.
8 Are nicotine pouches safer than chewing, smoking or vaping? University of Nebraska Medicine. June 1, 2021. Accessed September 23, 2024. https://www.nebraskamed.com/cancer/lung/quit-smoking/are-nicotine-pouches-safer
9 Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. The Journal of Physiology. 2015;593(16):3397-3412. doi:10.1113/JP270492
10 Hall FS, Der-Avakian A, Gould TJ, Markou A, Shoaib M, Young JW. Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;58:168-185. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004
11 E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2016. Accessed September 12, 2024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538680/
12 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US), Office on Smoking and Health (US). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2010. Accessed September 24, 2024. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53017/
13 Hall FS, Der-Avakian A, Gould TJ, Markou A, Shoaib M, Young JW. Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;58:168-185. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004
14 Henstra C, Dekkers BGJ, Olgers TJ, ter Maaten JC, Touw DJ. Managing intoxications with nicotine-containing e-liquids. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 2022;18(2):115-121. doi:10.1080/17425255.2022.2058930
15 Euromonitor International, 2024 Ed. Accessed 8/12/24.
16 Euromonitor International, 2024 Ed. Accessed 8/12/24.
17 Euromonitor International, 2024 Ed. Accessed 8/12/24.
18 Euromonitor International, 2024 Ed. Accessed 8/12/24.
19 British American Tobacco: 2024 First Half Pre-Close Conference Call Transcript. Presented at: June 4, 2024. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.bat.com/content/dam/batcom/global/main-nav/investors-and-reporting/results-centre/pdf/2024_First_Half_Pre-close_Trading_Update_Transcript.pdf
20 Philip Morris International Inc. 2024 Second-Quarter Results. Presented at: July 23, 2024. Accessed September 3, 2024. https://www.pmi.com/investor-relations/overview/event-details
21 Ericksen AB. Tobacco Braces for 2022. CStore Decisions. January 18, 2022. Accessed September 3, 2024. https://cstoredecisions.com/2022/01/18/tobacco-braces-for-2022/
22 PMI progresses toward sole ownership of Swedish Match, further supporting our ambition to deliver a smoke-free future. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.pmi.com/media-center/news/PMI-progresses-toward-sole-ownership-of-swedish-match
23 Euromonitor International, 2024 Ed. Accessed 8/12/24.
24 Summary Brief: Review of Global Evidence on the Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. Australian National University: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health; 2022. Accessed July 24, 2023. https://nceph.anu.edu.au/files/E-cigarettes%20health%20outcomes%20review%20summary%20brief%202022.pdf
25 Are nicotine pouches safer than chewing, smoking or vaping? University of Nebraska Medicine. June 1, 2021. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.nebraskamed.com/cancer/lung/quit-smoking/are-nicotine-pouches-safer
26 Travis N, Warner KE, Goniewicz ML, et al. The Potential Impact of Oral Nicotine Pouches on Public Health: A Scoping Review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. Published online June 17, 2024:ntae131. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntae131
27 What are the Zyn nicotine pouches going viral on TikTok? 9News. March 26, 2024. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.9news.com/article/news/health/zyn-nicotine-pouches-popular-teens/73-6fc24896-8f6c-4963-b214-df542eb6d77c
28 Joey Skolny. ZYNs are buzzing: The rise of nicotine pouches at Miami. The Miami Student. March 4, 2024. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.miamistudent.net/article/2024/03/zyns-are-buzzing-the-rise-of-nicotine-pouches-at-miami
29 Are nicotine pouches safer than chewing, smoking or vaping? University of Nebraska Medicine. June 1, 2021. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.nebraskamed.com/cancer/lung/quit-smoking/are-nicotine-pouches-safer
30 World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2021: Addressing new and emerging products. Accessed September 23, 2024. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1359088/retrieve.
31 Are nicotine pouches safer than chewing, smoking or vaping? University of Nebraska Medicine. June 1, 2021. Accessed September 12, 2024. https://www.nebraskamed.com/cancer/lung/quit-smoking/are-nicotine-pouches-safer
32 WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Article 5.2(b).
33 For instance, Finland initially regulated nicotine pouches for import as a medicinal product but is now preparing amendments to their Tobacco Act to regulate these products. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://fimea.fi/-/fimea-kannattaa-nikotiinipusseja-koskevan-lainsaadannon-uudistusta (Finland supports legislative reform concerning nicotine pouches).
34 Royal decree prohibiting the marketing of certain similar products. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/arrete/2023/03/14/2023041247/justel (Official website) and https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Belgium/Belgium-Royal-Order-Banning-ONPs-native.pdf.
35 Law about the Health of the People and the Healthcare System, Articles 110(9) and 289. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/K2000000360 (Official website).
36 Law No. 121 on the Protection of Health of the Citizens of the Kyrgyz Republic from the Effects of Tobacco and Nicotine Consumption and from Exposure to Ambient Tobacco Smoke and Aerosol, Article 15(1). Accessed August 16, 2024. https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Kyrgyzstan/Kyrgyzstan%20-%20Law%20No.%20121_2021.pdf (Unofficial translation).
37 Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 2022, Section 4(4)(e). Accessed August 16, 2024. https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Mauritius/Mauritius-PH-Regs-2022-native.pdf.
38 Federal Law No. 303-FZ of July 31, 2020 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Protection of Citizens’ Health from the Consequences of Consuming Nicotine-Containing Products,” Article 19(8). Accessed August 16, 2024. https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Russia/Russia%20-%20No.%20303-FZ%20on%20Nicotine%20Products.pdf.
39 Law No. 649 on Restrictions on the Use of Tobacco Products (as amended), Article 4(8). Accessed August 16, 2024. https://mmk.tj/content.
40 Law No. ZRU-844 on Restricting the Distribution and Consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco Products, Article 37. Accessed September 27, 2024. https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Uzbekistan/Uzbekistan-Law-No.-ZRU-844.pdf (Unofficial translation).
41 Le Soir. BAT challenges the ban on the sale of nicotine sachets before the Council of State. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://www.lesoir.be/514982/article/2023-05-23/bat-conteste-linterdiction-de-vente-des-sachets-de-nicotine-devant-le-conseil
42 German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). Health Risk Assessment of Nicotine Pouches. Accessed August 16, 2024. https://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/health-risk-assessment-of-nicotine-pouches.pdf.
43 Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA). Ban on nicotine pouches and snus. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.nvwa.nl/onderwerpen/tabak-en-rookwaren-verkopen/verboden-producten#anker-2-verbod-op-nicotinezakjes-en-snus.
44 Commodities Act, Article 1a. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001969/2023-04-19 (Official website).
45 Commodities Act Decree Preparation and Treatment of Foodstuffs (Art. 2, Para. 5). Accessed August 22, 2024. https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0005758/2023-01-01 (Official website).
46 Amendment to the Tobacco and Smoking Products Act, regulating nicotine products without tobacco and nicotine devices. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/wetsvoorstellen/detail?cfg=wetsvoorsteldetails&qry=wetsvoorstel%3A36403#wetgevingsproces.
47 Health Canada – Zonnic Product Information. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://health-products.canada.ca/lnhpd-bdpsnh/info?licence=80125630
48 Norway Medicine Joint Catalog - Zonnic. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.felleskatalogen.no/medisin/pasienter/pil-zonnic-niconovum-592238
49 Swedish Medical Products Agency - Zonnic. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.lakemedelsverket.se/sv/sok-lakemedelsfakta?medProdName=Zonnic%20&activeTab=1
50 Health Canada. Health Canada introduces new measures to help prevent harms to youth from nicotine replacement therapies. Accessed August 30, 2024. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/news/2024/08/health-canada-introduces-new-measures-to-help-prevent-harms-to-youth-from-nicotine-replacement-therapies.html.
51 Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Act 1990 (as amended), Sec. 54 (3). Accessed August 22, 2024. https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/New%20Zealand/New-Zealand-SF-Act-1990-native.pdf.
52 Law No. 2354. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Colombia/Colombia-Law-No.-23542024.pdf (Unofficial translation).
53 Law No. 1335). Accessed August 22, 2024. https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Colombia/Colombia-Law-No.-1335.pdf (Unofficial translation).
54 Decree on Nicotine Pouches without Tobacco. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://assets.tobaccocontrollaws.org/uploads/legislation/Czech%20Republic/Czech-Republic-Decree-on-Nicotine-Pouches-native.pdf (Original language).
55 Act No. 2071 amending the act on the prohibition of tobacco advertising, etc., the act on tobacco products, etc., the act on electronic cigarettes, etc. and various acts. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/Denmark/Denmark%20-%20Act%20No.%202071%20of%202020.pdf (Unofficial translation).
56 Government Decree 120/2024 amending Government Decree 39/2013. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://magyarkozlony.hu/dokumentumok/97e6f4087f58612431d925f0dd978bd66c251303/megtekintes (Official website).
57 Law on Amendment of the Act on Electronic Cigarettes and Refill Containers for Electronic Cigarettes, No. 87/2018. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.stjornartidindi.is/Advert.aspx?RecordID=a2bcb322-dab8-4d86-aee0-b76e425ffcb5 (Official website).
58 Act on the Circulation of Tobacco Products, Tobacco Substitute Products, Herbal Smoking Products, Electronic Smoking Devices and their Liquids. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/282077 (Official website).
59 Law No. 278-XVI on Tobacco Control (as amended). Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.legis.md/cautare/getResults?doc_id=128322&lang=ro (Official website).
60 Law No. 201 of 2016 (as amended). Accessed August 22, 2024. https://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/280269 (Official website).
61 Law on Tobacco (as amended). Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_duvanu.html (Official website).
62 The Act on Production, Labelling and Sale of Tobacco and other related products. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2016/89/ (Official website).
63 Law on Restriction of the Use of Tobacco Products. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://pisrs.si/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO6717 (Official website).
64 Act (2022:1257) on Tobacco Free Nicotine Products. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/lag-20221257-om-tobaksfria-nikotinprodukter_sfs-2022-1257/ (Official website).
65 Draft Tobacco Act Amendment. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.riigikogu.ee/tegevus/eelnoud/eelnou/33ad6ad4-0e9a-4aa2-80cb-a62408fd9cf4/Tubakaseaduse%20muutmise%20seadus (Official website).
66 Minister of Economy and Innovation of the Republic of Lithuania. Order Concerning the Establishment of a Working Group on the Regulation of Non-Tobacco Nicotine Pouches for Oral Use. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/ec9c4f2143f811eca8a1caec3ec4b244/asr (Official website).
67 Amendment to the Law on Tobacco, Tobacco Products and Associated Products. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAP/e4344f90640d11eea182def3ac5c11d6?jfwid=7f0vzxb22 (Official website).
68 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022. H.R.2471. Accessed August 22, 2023. https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2471 (Official website).
69 U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Regulation and Enforcement of Non-Tobacco Nicotine Products. Accessed August 22, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/products-ingredients-components/regulation-and-enforcement-non-tobacco-nicotine-ntn-products.